Space & Astronomy/Space and Astronomy (October 1993).iso/mac/TEXT/DAILY_1/930125.DFC

Text File | 1993-01-27 | 29KB | 590 lines

"930126.DFC" (28173 bytes) was created on 01-26-93

26-Jan-93 Daily File Collection
   These files were added or updated between 25-Jan-93 at 21:00:00 {Central}
                                         and 26-Jan-93 at 21:01:02.

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DAILY NEWS/TV SKED 1/21/93

Daily News
Thursday, January 21, 1993
Two Independence Square,
Washington, D.C.
Audio service: 202/358-3014

 % 1992 Antarctic Ozone Hole is the largest ever recorded;
 % Astronomers, using STS-54 data, announce probable cause for X-ray glow;
 % Columbia & Spacelab module on schedule for late-February launch of STS-55.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Scientists at the Goddard Space Flight Center announced Tuesday that the 1992
Antarctic Ozone Hole was as large as any depletion measured since 1985.  The
ozone hole depleted one to two weeks earlier than in prior winter seasons.  The
Goddard team also reports that this year's depletion covered the largest area
ever recordedPin excess of 8.9 million square miles (23 million square
kilometers).  By way of comparison, all of North America covers 9.4 million
square miles (24.5 million square kilometers.)

The team also reported that the ozone depletion remained nearly two weeks
longer than has been the recent normal case.  Other late breakups occurred
during the 1987 and 1990 winters as well.  Extensive scientific investigations
during the past seven years have tied the depletion over the Antarctic to the
presence of manufactured chlorine compounds, chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons
used as refrigerants and industrial cleaning agents.  Additional atmospheric
investigations in more recent years have also tied the eruptions of the Mt.
Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines to the ozone depletion because of sulfuric
acid droplets released during the eruption.

The Goddard team relies on two Total Ozone Measurement Sensors, one on the U.S.
Nimbus-7 spacecraft and one on the Russian Meteor-3 spacecraft, for continuous
global ozone monitoring.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Astrophysicists at the University of Wisconsin announced this week preliminary
results of the just-completed flight of their Diffuse X-ray Spectrometer aboard
Endeavour's STS-54 mission.  The instrument had gathered spectrographic data on
the energy and wavelengths of the diffuse X-ray illumination which pervades the
sky in all directions in an attempt to resolve the mystery of its origin.  The
Wisconsin team's announcement says they have concluded that the X-rays come
from clouds of superheated gas created, probably, by ancient supernova
explosions.

For over 30 years astronomers have pondered the origin of a low-energy X-ray
background radiation which seemed to come from empty space, including that
surrounding our solar system.  One leading theory for the source of this energy
was the possibility that pockets of interstellar gas would be superheated by
supernovae and glow in X-ray wavelengths.  The Wisconsin team reports their
data support this theory completely and cite a specific supernova remnant from
300,000 years ago as the likely originator of the superheating episode for
these X-rays.

The Wisconsin team says that explosion, also the likely source of the pulsating
star Geminga, was one source for the superheated clouds but their data also
showed the likelihood of another, far more ancient supernova, as the probable
source for different wavelength and energy X- rays.  Wilton Sanders, principal
investigator for the DXS instrument, says that the earlier supernova likely
created a bubble of "not white hot, not blue hot, but X- ray hot" gas to which
was then added the X-ray hot bubble of the more recent supernova.  Sanders
cautioned that, though the data are excellent and fit the theory, this is still
only a preliminary analysis.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Kennedy Space Center vehicle and payload operators report they are still
working towards a late February launch of Columbia for the German D-2 Spacelab
mission.  The KSC team is installing the Spacelab tunnel today and working to
close out orbiter mid-body and aft compartments.  The Spacelab D-2 interface
verification test has been successfully completed.

Here's the broadcast schedule for Public Affairs events on NASA Select TV. Note
that all events and times may change without notice, and that all times listed
are Eastern. Live indicates a program is transmitted live.

Thursday, January 21, 1993
Live
12:00 pm     NASA Today news program.
12:15 pm     Aeronautics & Space Report.
12:30 pm     Best of NASA Today - Technology 2001.
 1:00 pm     Journey through the Solar System.
 1:30 pm     Space Navigation.
 2:00 pm     Starfinder program #4.
 2:30 pm     Life in the Universe.
 3:00 pm     Total Quality Management program #27 from
             the University of New Mexico series.
at 4:00 and 8:00 pm and 12:00 midnight the broadcast
             schedule of the day repeats.


NASA Select TV is carried on GE Satcom F2R, transponder 13, C-Band, 72 degrees
West Longitude, transponder frequency is 3960 MegaHertz, audio subcarrier is
6.8 MHz, polarization is vertical.
     Source:NASA Spacelink    Modem:205-895-0028  Internet:192.149.89.61
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1/26/93:  STS-54 CREW POSTFLIGHT PRESS CONFERENCE SCHEDULED

Ed Campion                              January 26, 1993
Headquarters, Washington, D.C.

Barbara Schwartz
Johnson Space Center, Houston

EDITORS NOTE:  N93-5


     The STS-54 crew postflight press conference is scheduled for Monday, Feb.
1, at 4 p.m.  EST, in building 2, room 135, at the Johnson Space Center (JSC),
Houston.

     Crew members will narrate slides and film from their recent mission.
During their Space Shuttle flight, they deployed a communications satellite,
acquired data on the remnants of a supernova in the Milky Way galaxy, performed
a spacewalk, conducted more scientific experiments to help the medical
community improve medical treatment here on Earth and interacted with
elementary students, teaching physics lessons using toys to demonstrate various
principles of motion.

     News media are invited to participate at JSC or by two-way audio from NASA
Headquarters and other centers.  The briefing will be carried on NASA Select
television, SATCOM F2R, transponder 13, located at 72 degrees west longitude.
     Source:NASA Spacelink    Modem:205-895-0028  Internet:192.149.89.61
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KSC SHUTTLE STATUS 1/26/93


                    SPACE SHUTTLE STATUS REPORT
                     Tuesday, January 26, 1993

George H. Diller
Kennedy Space Center


Vehicle: OV-102/Orbiter Columbia      Location: OPF Bay 2
Primary payload: Spacelab D-2         Crew Size: 7
Launch timeframe: NET Feb. 25  10:30 a.m.
Mission duration: 8 Days 22 Hours     Nominal Landing Site: KSC
Inclination: 28.45 degrees            Orbital altitude: 184 sm

STS-55 IN WORK:

- crew compartment closeouts/close crew access hatch
- orbiter aft main engine compartment closeouts
- main propulsion system closeouts
- orbiter mid-body closeouts
- thermal protection system tile closeouts

STS-55 WORK COMPLETED:

- payload bay door test cycles
- tire leak check
- Ku-band antenna stowage
- Crew Equipment Interface Test (CEIT)
- Spacelab laboratory module closeouts
- avionics bay closeouts
- payload bay door radiator stowage

STS-55 WORK SCHEDULED:

- aft structural leak check/orbiter composite pressurization test
- weight and center of gravity determination
- install Columbia on orbiter transporter
- close payload bay doors on Saturday
- roll to the VAB on February 2 or 3
     Source:NASA Spacelink    Modem:205-895-0028  Internet:192.149.89.61
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DAILY NEWS/TV SKED 1/26/93

Daily News
Tuesday, January 26, 1993
Two Independence Square,
Washington, D.C.
Audio service: 202/358-3014

 % Columbia payload bay door problem resolved; rollover next week to VAB;
 % Columbia's STS-55 mission is dedicated German Spacelab research flight;
 % Multiple remote sensing, geological, and environmental symposia coming up.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Preparations to make Columbia ready for rollover from the Orbiter Processing
Facility to the Vehicle Assembly Building are continuing on a schedule which
could allow the launch of the STS-55 mission in late February. Current plans
call for a rollover sometime early next week, possibly on Tuesday, Feb. 2.  A
problem with the latching alignment and closing mechanism of Columbia's payload
bay doors was resolved satisfactorily yesterday after technicians re-lubricated
portions of the mechanism.  The doors were closed completely five times to
ensure the problem had been solved.  There are no other reported issues with
the orbiter or its Spacelab cargo and KSC expects to have the vehicle on the
transporter by this weekend for stacking onto its external tank and solid
rocket boosters next week.  The management flight readiness review for the
mission is scheduled for Thursday, Feb. 11, at the Kennedy Space Center.

The STS-55 mission is a dedicated German research flight, as was the D-1
mission which flew on STS-61A in November 1985.  The flight is scheduled as an
8-day and 22-hour, seven-crewmember mission with the Spacelab long module and a
variety of scientific discipline investigations.  This mission's major Spacelab
facilities will continue the exploration of fluid physics and human
physiological changes in microgravity.  Additional experiments will continue
the investigations of the Earth's atmosphere, the surface topography of the
planet, and include additional investigations in galactic astronomy and
technology development.

The mission will also feature the flight of two German payload specialists and
will provide both the U.S. and German crewmembers with daily opportunities to
communicate with Earth-bound citizens in both countries through the Shuttle
Amateur Radio Experiment gear, which is flying again on this mission.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

The Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) is hosting the 9th
Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing in Pasadena, Calif., Monday,
Feb. 8 through Thursday, Feb. 11.  Cooperating professional societies include
the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, the Society of
Exploration Geophysicists, the Geological Society of America, the Colorado
Mining Association, the Canadian Remote Sensing Society, the International
Society for Optical Engineering, and the American Association of Petroleum
Geologists.

The Pasadena conference will feature special workshops on the geological
applications of radar remote sensing and other workshops on geographic
information systems (GIS).  The conference will take place at the Pasadena
Center Conference Building and at the nearby Doubletree Hotel.

Other related international conferences scheduled in the near future include
the 25th International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Global Environmental
Change, also being co-sponsored by ERIM, in Graz, Austria, the week of April 4
through 8; and the International Society for Optical Engineering and American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics jointly-hosted Optical Engineering
and Photonics in Aerospace Science and Sensing Symposium to be held in Orlando,
Fla., the week of April 12 through 16.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Here's the broadcast schedule for Public Affairs events on NASA Select TV. Note
that all events and times may change without notice, and that all times listed
are Eastern. Live indicates a program is transmitted live.

Tuesday, January 26, 1993
Live
12:00 pm        NASA Today news program, today
                featuring a report on results from the Cosmic Background
                Explorer mission and the implications of those results to
                the Big Bang Theory; a report from the Marshall Space
                Flight Center on development of the next of the Great
                Observatories - the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility;
                a report from the Technology 2002 conference, held late
                last year in Baltimore; a report on the work to calibrate
                and get the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite ready for its
                scientific job of measuring the world's oceans; and
                finally a look at a new management development program
                within the agency.
12:15 pm        Aeronautics & Space Report.
12:30 pm        Apollo Atmospherics.
1:00 pm         Aero-Oddities.
1:30 pm         Time of Apollo.
2:00 pm         Starfinder program #7.
2:30 pm         Space for Women.
3:00 pm         Total Quality Management program #30 from
                the University of New Mexico Series.
at 4:00 and 8:00 pm and 12:00 midnight the broadcast
                schedule of the day repeats.


NASA Select TV is carried on GE Satcom F2R, transponder 13, C-Band, 72 degrees
West Longitude, transponder frequency is 3960 MegaHertz, audio subcarrier is
6.8 MHz, polarization is vertical.
     Source:NASA Spacelink    Modem:205-895-0028  Internet:192.149.89.61
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1/26/93:  STS-55 SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION BRIEFINGS SET

Ed Campion
Headquarters, Washington, D.C.          January 26, 1993

Barbara Schwartz
Johnson Space Center, Houston


NOTE TO EDITORS:  N93-4

        The STS-55 preflight briefings will be held Feb. 3 and 4 at the Johnson
Space Center, Houston, building 2, room 135.

        A briefing agenda is attached.  All briefings will be carried on NASA
Select television with two-way audio for questions from NASA Headquarters and
other centers.  NASA Select programming is carried on SATCOM F2R, transponder
13, located at 72 degrees west longitude.


AGENDA
STS-55 PREFLIGHT BRIEFINGS
February 3-4, 1993
All Times EST
WEDNESDAY, Feb. 3

9:30 a.m.     Mission Overview
                  Gary Coen, Lead Flight Director, JSC
                  Dr. H. Dodeck, D-2 Mission Manager,
                  German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR)

10:30 a.m.  DLR Science Overview
                  Materials Science - Dr. P. R. Sahm, D-2 Program Scientist
                  University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
                  Technology Astronomy - Dr. M. Keller, D-2 Project
Scientist,
                  DLR, Cologne, Germany
                  Human Physiology - Dr. J. Stegemann,
                  University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
                  Fluid Physics - Dr. D. Langbein, Battelle-Institute,
Frankfurt
                  Biology - Dr. H. D. Mennigmann, University of Frankfurt

12:00noon  NASA Science Overview
                  Enhanced Hybridoma Production Under Microgravity
                  - Dr. David W. Sammons, PI, University of Arizona, Tucson
                  Influence of Weightlessness upon Autonomic
Cardiovascular Controls
                  - Dr. Dwain L. Eckberg, PI, Medical College of Va.,
Richmond
                  Cardiovascular Regulation at Microgravity
                  - Dr. C. G. Blomqvist, PI, University of Texas
                    Health Science Center, Dallas
2 p.m.         Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX)
                  -Louis McFadin, JSC, Principal Investigator

THURSDAY, Feb. 4

9:00 a.m.     STS-55 Crew Briefing
                  Steven R. Nagel, Commander
                  Terence T. Henricks, Pilot
                  Jerry L. Ross, Mission Specialist
                  Dr. Bernard A. Harris, Jr., Mission Specialist
                  Charles J. Precourt, Mission Specialist
                  Hans Schlegel, Payload Specialist
                  Dr. Ulrich Walter, Payload Specialist
-end-
     Source:NASA Spacelink    Modem:205-895-0028  Internet:192.149.89.61
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                    P R O J E C T     V I K I N G



Viking I                                Viking II
Launched:          Aug   20, 1975       Launched:          Sept 09, 1975
Martian Orbit:     July  19, 1976       Martian Orbit:     Aug  07, 1976
Martian Landing:   July  20, 1976       Martian Landing:   Sept 03, 1976
Last Transmission: Nov   11, 1982       Last Transmission: Apr  11, 1980

NASA FACT SHEET:   PROJECT VIKING             May 7, 1990




                Viking was the culmination of a series of missions to explore
the planet Mars; they began in 1964 with Mariner 4, and continued with the
Mariner 6 and 7 flybys in 1969, and the Mariner 9 orbital mission in 1971 and
1972.

                Viking was designed to orbit Mars and to land and operate on
the planet's surface.  Two identical spacecraft, each consisting of a lander
and an orbiter, were built.

                NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, had
management responsibility for the Viking project from its inception in 1968
until April 1, 1978, when the Jet Propulsion Laboratory assumed the task.
Martin Marietta Aerospace in Denver, Colorado, developed the landers.  NASA's
Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, had responsibility for the Titan-
Centaur launch vehicles.  JPL's initial assignment was development of the
orbiters, tracking and data acquisition, and the Mission Control and Computing
Center.

                NASA launched both spacecraft from Cape Canaveral, Florida --
Viking 1 on August 20, 1975, and Viking 2 on September 9, 1975.  The landers
were sterilized before launch to prevent contamination of Mars with organisms
from Earth. The spacecraft spent nearly a year cruising to Mars. Viking 1
reached Mars orbit June 19, 1976; Viking 2 began orbiting Mars August 7, 1976.

                After studying orbiter photos, the Viking site certification
team considered the original landing site for Viking 1 unsafe.  The team
examined nearby sites, and Viking 1 landed on Mars July 20, 1976, on the
western slope of Chryse Planitia (the Plains of Gold) at 22.3 degrees N
latitude, 48.0 degrees longitude.

                The site certification team also decided the planned landing
site for Viking 2 was unsafe after it examined high- resolution photos.
Certification of a new landing site took place in time for a Mars landing
September 3, 1976, at Utopia Planitia, at 47.7 degrees N latitude, and 48.0
degrees longitude.

                The Viking mission was planned to continue for 90 days after
landing.  Each orbiter and lander operated far beyond its design lifetime.
Viking Orbiter 1 exceeded four years of active flight operations in Mars orbit.

                The Viking project's primary mission ended November 15, 1976,
11 days before Mars's superior conjunction (its passage behind the Sun). After
conjunction, in mid-December 1976, controllers reestablished telemetry and
command operations, and began extended-mission operations.

                The first spacecraft to cease functioning was Viking Orbiter 2
on July 25, 1978; the spacecraft had used all the gas in its attitude-control
system, which kept the craft's solar panels pointed at the Sun to power the
orbiter.  When the spacecraft drifted off the Sun line, the controllers at JPL
sent commands to shut off power to Viking Orbiter 2's transmitter.

                Viking Orbiter 1 began to run short of attitude-control gas in
1978, but through careful planning to conserve the remaining supply, engineers
found it possible to continue acquiring science data at a reduced level for
another two years.  The gas supply was finally exhausted and Viking Orbiter 1's
electrical power was commanded off on August 7, 1980, after 1,489 orbits of
Mars.

                The last data from Viking Lander 2 arrived at Earth on April
11, 1980.  Lander 1 made its final transmission to Earth Nov. 11, 1982.
Controllers at JPL tried unsuccessfully for another six and one-half months to
regain contact with Viking Lander 1.  The overall mission came to an end May
21, 1983.

                With a single exception -- the seismic instruments -- the
science instruments acquired more data than expected.  The seismometer on
Viking Lander 1 would not work after landing, and the seismometer on Viking
Lander 2 detected only one event that may have been seismic.  Nevertheless, it
provided data on wind velocity at the landing site to supplement information
from the meteorology experiment, and showed that Mars has very low seismic
background.

                The three biology experiments discovered unexpected and
enigmatic chemical activity in the Martian soil, but provided no clear evidence
for the presence of living microorganisms in soil near the landing sites.
According to mission biologists, Mars is self-sterilizing.  They believe the
combination of solar ultraviolet radiation that saturates the surface, the
extreme dryness of the soil and the oxidizing nature of the soil chemistry
prevent the formation of living organisms in the Martian soil.  The question of
life on Mars at some time in the distant past remains open.

                The landers' gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer instruments
found no sign of organic chemistry at either landing site, but they did provide
a precise and definitive analysis of the composition of the Martian atmosphere
and found previously undetected trace elements.  The X-ray fluorescence
spectrometers measured elemental composition of the Martian soil.

                Viking measured physical and magnetic properties of the soil.
As the landers descended toward the surface they also measured composition and
physical properties of the Martian upper atmosphere.

                The two landers continuously monitored weather at the landing
sites.  Weather in the Martian midsummer was repetitious, but in other seasons
it became variable and more interesting.  Cyclic variations appeared in weather
patterns (probably the passage of alternating cyclones and anticyclones).
Atmospheric temperatures at the southern landing site (Viking Lander 1) were as
high as -14 degrees C (+7 degrees F) at midday, and the predawn summer
temperature was -77 degrees C (-107 F). In contrast, the diurnal temperatures
at the northern landing site (Viking Lander 2) during midwinter dust storms
varied as little as 4 degrees C (7 degrees F) on some days.  The lowest predawn
temperature was -120 degrees C (-184 F), about the frost point of carbon
dioxided around Viking Lander 2 each winter.

                Barometric pressure varies at each landing site on a semiannual
basis, because carbon dioxide, the major constituent of the atmosphere, freezes
out to form an immense polar cap, alternately at each pole.  The carbon dioxide
forms a great cover of snow and then evaporates again with the coming of spring
in each hemisphere.  When the southern cap was largest, the mean daily pressure
observed by Viking Lander 1 was as low as 6.8 millibars; at other times of the
year it was as high as 9.0 millibars.  The pressures at the Viking Lander 2
site were 7.3 and 10.8 millibars. (For comparison, the surface pressure on
Earth at sea level is about 1,000 millibars.)

                Martian winds generally blow more slowly than expected.
Scientists had expected them to reach speeds of several hundred miles an hour
from observing global dust storms, but neither lander recorded gusts over 120
kilometers (74 miles) an hour, and average velocities were considerably lower.
Nevertheless, the orbiters observed more than a dozen small dust storms.
During the first southern summer, two global dust storms occurred, about four
Earth months apart.  Both storms obscured the Sun at the landing sites for a
time and hid most of the planet's surface from the orbiters' cameras.  The
strong winds that caused the storms blew in the southern hemisphere.

                Photographs from the landers and orbiters surpassed
expectations in quality and quality.  The total exceeded 4,500 from the landers
and 52,000 from the orbiters.  The landers provided the first close-up look at
the surface, monitored variations in atmospheric opacity over several Martian
years, and determined the mean size of the atmospheric aerosols.  The orbiter
cameras observed new and often puzzling terrain and provided clearer detail on
known features, including some color and stereo observations.  Viking's
orbiters mapped 97 percent of the Martian surface.

                The infrared thermal mappers and the atmospheric water
detectors on the orbiters acquired data almost daily, observing the planet at
low and high resolution.  The massive quantity of data from the two instruments
will require considerable time for analysis and understanding of the global
meteorology of Mars. Viking also definitively determined that the residual
north polar ice cap (that survives the northern summer) is water ice, rather
than frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) as once believed.

                Analysis of radio signals from the landers and the orbiters --
including Doppler, ranging and occultation data, and the signal strength of the
lander-to-orbiter relay link -- provided a variety of valuable information.

                Other significant discoveries of the Viking mission include:

                * The Martian surface is a type of iron-rich clay that contains
a highly oxidizing substance that releases oxygen when it is wetted.

                * The surface contains no organic molecules that were
detectable. soil samples returned from the Moon by Apollo astronauts.

                * Nitrogen, never before detected, is a significant component
of the Martian atmosphere, and enrichment of the heavier isotopes of nitrogen
and argon relative to the lighter isotopes implies that atmospheric density was
much greater than in the distant past.

                * Changes in the Martian surface occur extremely slowly, at
least at the Viking landing sites.  Only a few small changes took place during
the mission lifetime.

                * The greatest concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere
is near the edge of the north polar cap in midsummer.  From summer to fall,
peak concentration moves toward the equator, with a 30 percent decrease in peak
abundance.  In southern summer, the planet is dry, probably also an effect of
the dust storms.

               * The density of both of Mars's satellites is low -- about two
grams per cubic centimeter -- implying that they originated as asteroids
captured by Mars's gravity.  The surface of Phobos is marked with two families
of parallel striations, probably fractures caused by a large impact that may
nearly have broken Phobos apart.

                * Measurements of the round-trip time for radio signals between
Earth and the Viking spacecraft, made while Mars was beyond the Sun (near the
solar conjunctions), have determined delay of the signals caused by the Sun's
gravitational field.

                * The result confirms Albert Einstein's prediction to an
estimated accuracy of 0.1 percent -- 20 times greater than any other test.

                * Atmospheric pressure varies by 30 percent during the Martian
year because carbon dioxide condenses and sublimes at the polar caps.

                * The permanent north cap is water ice; the southern cap
probably retains some carbon dioxide ice through the summer.

                * Water vapor is relatively abundant only in the far north
during the summer, but subsurface water (permafrost) covers much if not all of
the planet.

                * Northern and southern hemispheres are drastically different
climatically, because of the global dust storms that originate in the south in
summer.

     Source:NASA Spacelink    Modem:205-895-0028  Internet:192.149.89.61
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     Source:NASA Spacelink    Modem:205-895-0028  Internet:192.149.89.61
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